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What is Radioactivity

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              WHAT IS RADIOACTIVITY

First of all before looking at the word radioactivity, we will look at the origin of radioactivity.
The phenomenon of radioactivity was discovered by a french physicist Henri Becquerel (1896). he found out that uranium was giving out some kind of rays that can penetrate through thick layers and so lack papers and even affected a photographic plate that is placed on the other side. The phenomenon was called " radioactivity" and the substances that gave rise right radioactivity are called  radioactive substances or elements. e.g of radioactive substances are radium, polonium, radon, thorium, ionium ,uranium etc.

DEFINITION: Radioactivity is the spontaneous decay or disintegration of the nucleus of an element during which it emits alpha, beta particles or gamma rays and a release of large amount of energy or heat.
WHAT ARE RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT
Radioactive elements are those element that spontaneous emits radiation from their atomic nucleus. e.g Radium, Thorium, Radon, Polonium, Ionium etc.
             TYPES OF RADIOACTIVITY
(A).NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY: Natural radio activity is the spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of an atom, during which alpha or beta particles or gamma rays and heat energy are released. 
for example Radium _226 mass number and atomic number of 88 decays by emmiting an alpha particle to turn into a new element called Radon which now has a mass number of 222 and atomic number of 86.
Gamma radiation is a form of light emmited as  photon of energy hf and and has a mass number of zero and zero charge.
(B).ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY: Artificial radioactivity is a type of radioactivity where and ordinary element not radioactivie is made radioactive by bombarding it with radioactive particles e.g phosphorus nuclei which are not stable but radioactivecan be produce by bombarding non radioactive aluminum with alpha particles. The radioactive phosphorus nuclei then disintegrates spontaneously into stable silicon atoms.




PROPERTIES OF EMMITED PARTICLES
(a)ALPHA PARTICLES
1. it is helium nuclei
2 .it has a speed of 5 -7% speed of light
3. it has a charge of +2
4. it is relatively massive
5. it is slightly deflected in a magnetic field in a positive direction
6. it is large and causes heavy ionization
7. it has little penetrating power and can penetrate thin sheets of paper
8. it can cause fluorescence in zinc sulphide
(b). BETA PARTICLES
1. Are high energy electrons 
2. they travel at approximately the speed of light
3. they have negative charge
4. they are relatively light
5.They are strongly deflected by electric and magnetic field in a negative direction.
6. they have good penetrating power in air and can po penetrate aluminum foil.
7.they donot cause fluorescence in zinc sulphide.
(c). GAMMA RAYS
1.They are electromagnetic waves of short wave length
2.they travel at speed of light
3. they have no charge
4.They have negligible mass
5.They are not deflected in electric or magnetic fields
6.They have little ionization power and can penetrate in air and solid e.g lead.
RADIOISOTOPE : Radio isotope are isotopes that are made artificially by bombarding neutrons , protons or deutrons at ordinary element.
WHAT IS NUCLEAR FFISSION
 Nuclear fission is the splitting up of the nucleus of heavy element into two approximate equal parts with the release of a huge amount of energy and neutrons.
WHAT IS NUCLEAR FUSION
Nuclear fusion is a nuclear process in which two or more nuclei combine or fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of a large amount of energy.
USES OF RADIOISOTOPES
1. medicine as radioatherapy
2. it is used in industry to study defects in metals and welded joints
3. in Agriculture as radioactive tracers and preservatives 
4. in geotonigal research for radio dating. 

HEALTHS HAZARDS OF RADIOACTIVITY
1. it causes generic mutation
2. it causes sterility
3. it causes damage to the skin 
4. it kills a person
APPLICATION  OF RADIOACTIVITY
1.Agricultural and scientific research
2.medical field
3.industrial field.




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